Variabilidad del espesor de la capa de fibras nerviosas peripapilares entre grupos según severidad de miopía y grupo control / Variability of the peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness between groups according to severity of myopia and control group

Introducción: La miopía es uno de los errores refractivos más prevalentes, a nivel global 28,3%. La apariencia morfológica del disco óptico en la miopía con las variaciones propias de la condición hacen del diagnóstico clínico y el monitoreo de la progresión del glaucoma muy difícil. Recientemente, nuevas modalidades de imagen de alta resolución se desarrollaron para darnos más información y ayudar en la detección de los cambios micro anatómicos de la cabeza del nervio óptico. Objetivo: Determinar la variabilidad del espesor de la capa de fibras nerviosas peripapilares (CFNR) medido con tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) entre los diferentes grupos según severidad de miopía y grupo control. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Con componente analítico. Resultados: Se analizaron un total de 144 ojos, de los sujetos estudiados aproximadamente dos tercios eran del sexo femenino (n: 97 ojos). La edad media de los sujetos estudiados fue de 30,68 +/- 11,58. Se estudiaron 50 (34,7%) ojos emétropes como grupo control, entre los diferentes grupos según severidad de la miopía se estudiaron 27 (18,8 %) ojos con miopía leve, 33 (22,9 %) con miopía moderada y 34 (23,6 %) ojos con miopía severa. La media de longitud axial encontrada fue de 23,12 +/- 0,81mm para el grupo control (emétropes); 23,72 +/- 0,76 para el grupo con miopía leve; 25,11+/-0.79mm para el grupo con miopía moderada y de 26,42 +/- 1,45mm para el grupo con miopía severa, encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estos grupos con una longitud axial mayor para el grupo con miopía severa. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos estudiados, para diferencias encontradas en el espesor promedio y en el espesor de los cuadrantes superior, inferior y temporal. Las diferencias encontradas en el espesor del cuadrante nasal fueron no significativas. Conclusión: A pesar de las limitaciones, este estudio claramente demuestra que los ojos con miopía severa tienen un espesor menor en la CFNR peripapilares que los ojos emétropes en los cuadrantes superior e inferior. En el cuadrante temporal y nasal se encontró un aumento del espesor, siendo estadísticamente significativo en el cuadrante temporal. Por un lado este adelgazamiento podría ser un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo del glaucoma ya que las variaciones en la disposición de las fibras nerviosas de la cabeza del nervio óptico se postulan que hacen del ojo miope más susceptible al daño glaucomatoso. Para la relevancia clínica, debemos tener en cuenta las diferencias propias de la miopía para realizar el diagnóstico correcto en los casos de sospecha de glaucoma y evaluar progresión con OCT. Así también sería ideal agrupar según rango etario por las diferencias propias de esta variable que podría haber influenciado en la interpretación de los resultados.

Introduction: Myopia is one of the most prevalent refractive errors, globally 28.3%. The morphological appearance of the optic disc in myopia with the variations of the condition make clinical diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma progression very difficult. Recently, new high resolution imaging modalities were developed to give us more information and help in the detection of micro anatomic changes of the optic nerve head. Objective: To determine the thickness variability of the peripapillary nerve fiber (RNFL) layer measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT) between the different groups according to myopia severity and control group. Methodology: This is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases. With analytical component. Results: A total of 144 eyes were analyzed, approximately two thirds of the subjects studied were female (n: 97 eyes). The average age of the subjects studied was 30.68 +/- 11.58. 50 (34.7%) emmetropic eyes were studied as a control group, among the different groups according to severity of myopia 27 (18.8%) eyes with mild myopia were studied, 33 (22.9%) with moderate myopia and 34 (23.6%) eyes with severe myopia. The mean axial length found was 23.12 +/- 0.81mm for the control group (emétropes); 23.72 +/- 0.76mm for the group with mild myopia; 25.11 +/- 0.79mm for the group with moderate myopia and 26.42 +/- 1.45mm for the group with severe myopia, with statistically significant differences between these groups with a greater axial length for the group with severe myopia. Statistically significant differences were found between the groups studied, for differences found in the average thickness and in the thickness of the upper, lower and temporal quadrants. The differences found in the thickness of the nasal quadrant were not significant. Conclusion: Despite the limitations, this study clearly demonstrates that eyes with severe myopia have a smaller thickness in the peripapillary RNFL than the emmetropic eyes in the upper and lower quadrants. An increase in thickness was found in the temporal and nasal quadrant, being statistically significant in the temporal quadrant. On the one hand this thinning could be a risk factor for the development of glaucoma since variations in the arrangement of the nerve fibers of the optic nerve head are postulated that make the myopic eye more susceptible to glaucomatous damage. For clinical relevance, we must take into account the differences of myopia to make the correct diagnosis in cases of suspected glaucoma and evaluate progression with OCT. Thus it would also be ideal to group according to age range due to the differences of this variable that could have influenced the interpretation of the results.

Effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus virulence factor profiles in patients undergoing cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: In this prospective study, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify genes encoding virulence factors (ica, atlE and mecA) in Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) isolates from the ocular microbiota of patients undergoing cataract surgery and to investigate possible changes in the CNS profile due to antibiotic prophylaxis. METHODS: Between 09/2011 and 08/2013, patients undergoing cataract surgery were recruited at the Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Asuncion, Paraguay. In the eye to be operated on, patients received moxifloxacin 0.5 % eye drops four times at the day before surgery and a last drop 1 hour before surgery (T1). The other eye remained as control (T0). Conjunctival swabs were taken from both eyes 1 hour after the last drop. The presence of genes encoding biofilm formation (ica and atlE) and methicillin resistance (mecA) was detected by a multiplex PCR. RESULTS: Of the 162 patients (162 study eyes, 162 fellow eye as control group), 87 (53.7 %) eyes were positive for CNS at T0 yielding 96 CNS isolates; 70 eyes (43.2 %) were positive at T1 yielding 77 CNS isolates. For this study, 43 CNS isolates (44.8 %) from T0 and 45 (64.3 %) from T1 were used. Of the total isolates, 81.8 % (72/88) had at least one virulence factor gene (37/43 from T0 and 35/45 from T1) (p = 0.314). Simultaneous detection of ica and atlE genes was higher in T0 (58.0 %) than T1 (46.7 %), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.28). CONCLUSION: A high frequency of genes encoding virulence factors was observed in the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates. The use of moxifloxacin did not significantly modify the CNS virulence factor profiles.

[Demodex spp in chronic blepharitis patients]. / Demodex spp en pacientes con blefaritis crónica.

BACKGROUND: Blepharitis is a very common disease in the ophthalmologic practice generally taking a chronic course with intermittent exacerbations. Several studies have linked the presence of Demodex folliculorum with chronic blepharitis, since the mite has the capacity to perpetuate the follicular inflammatory process. The prevalence of infection by Demodex spp. is variable depending on the population. In Paraguay, information on the frequency of the infestation in patients with chronic blepharitis is not available. AIM: To determine the frequency of Demodex spp, and the ocular microbiota in patients with chronic blepharitis attending the Department of Ophthalmology at the Teaching Hospital of the National University of Asuncion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutively, 28 patients with chronic blepharitis, who agreed to participate in the study, were included. Eyes lashes from the upper and lower eyelids were extracted for immediate mite search by direct observation under a light microscope. Samples from eyelids were taken with Kimura spatula and then cultured on blood agar and in enrichment media and incubated in 5% CO2 at 35° C for 72 hours. RESULTS: Among participants, females were more frequent (64%), the age ranged from 17 to 87 years (mean: 38.0; SD: ± 13.5 years). The prevalence of Demodex sp was 54%. Bacteria were isolated 92.9% of cases, most frequently coagulase-negative staphylococci (75%). No association was found between socio-demographic or clinical characteristics and the presence of Demodex sp. CONCLUSION: The observed high prevalence of infestation by Demodex spp in patients with chronic blepharitis is consistent with other studies.

Demodex spp en pacientes con blefaritis crónica / Demodex spp in chronic blepharitis patients

Background: Blepharitis is a very common disease in the ophthalmologic practice generally taking a chronic course with intermittent exacerbations. Several studies have linked the presence of Demodex folliculorum with chronic blepharitis, since the mite has the capacity to perpetuate the follicular inflammatory process. The prevalence of infection by Demodex spp. is variable depending on the population. In Paraguay, information on the frequency of the infestation in patients with chronic blepharitis is not available. Aim : To determine the frequency of Demodex spp, and the ocular microbiota in patients with chronic blepharitis attending the Department of Ophthalmology at the Teaching Hospital of the National University of Asuncion. Patients and Methods: Consecutively, 28 patients with chronic blepharitis, who agreed to participate in the study, were included. Eyes lashes from the upper and lower eyelids were extracted for immediate mite search by direct observation under a light microscope. Samples from eyelids were taken with Kimura spatula and then cultured on blood agar and in enrichment media and incubated in 5% CO2 at 35° C for 72 hours. Results: Among participants, females were more frequent (64%), the age ranged from 17 to 87 years (mean: 38.0; SD: ±13.5 years). The prevalence of Demodex sp was 54%. Bacteria were isolated 92.9% of cases, most frequently coagulase-negative staphylococci (75%). No association was found between socio-demographic or clinical characteristics and the presence of Demodex sp. Conclusion: The observed high prevalence of infestation by Demodex spp in patients with chronic blepharitis is consistent with other studies.

Introducción: La blefaritis es una enfermedad muy común en la práctica oftalmológica, generalmente de curso crónico con exacerbaciones intermitentes. Varios estudios han relacionado la presencia del Demodex folliculorum con la blefaritis crónica, por su capacidad potencial de perpetuar el proceso inflamatorio a nivel folicular. La frecuencia de D. folliculorum varía de acuerdo a la población. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de Demodex spp y, caracterizar la microbiota ocular en pacientes con blefaritis crónica y dar a conocer estos resultados. Pacientes y Métodos: Las muestras fueron obtenidas de pacientes que consultaron en la Cátedra de Oftalmología del Hospital de Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA). Fueron incluidos en forma consecutiva 28 pacientes con blefaritis crónica que accedieron a participar en forma voluntaria en el estudio. Se extrajeron las pestañas del párpado superior e inferior de los pacientes para la búsqueda inmediata del ácaro por observación directa bajo el microscopio óptico. Para el cultivo de microorganismos se tomaron muestras del párpado con espátula de Kimura, las que fueron cultivadas en agar sangre y en medios de enriquecimiento e incubadas en CO2 al 5% a 35°C durante 72 h. Resultados: El sexo femenino fue más frecuente (64%), el rango de edad estuvo entre 17 y 87 años con una media de 37,9 ± 13,5. Se observó la presencia de Demodex sp en 54% y aislamiento de bacterias en 92,9%; Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa fue el más frecuente (75%). No se encontraron asociaciones entre las características socio-demográficas o clínicas y la presencia de Demodex sp. Conclusión: La alta infestación por Demodex spp observada en los pacientes con blefaritis crónica coincide con otros estudios.

A prospective study demonstrating the effect of 5% povidone-iodine application for anterior segment intraocular surgery in Paraguay.

PURPOSE: To determine the conjunctival bacterial flora in cataract surgery patients and the effect of presurgical irrigation with 5% povidone-iodine solution. METHODS: Three samples from the inferior conjunctival fornix of the eye to be operated were obtained at baseline before washing (T0) with 10 ml 5% povidone-iodine solution, immediately after washing (T1), and upon completion of surgery (T2). Bacteria from the samples were inoculated in blood agar, chocolate agar, and thioglycolate broth. RESULTS: A total of 221 patients (n=224 eyes) with a mean age of 67 +/- 13 years were included in the study. Bacteria from the (T0) samples were successfully grown in 73.2% of the thioglycolate agars, 21.0% of the blood agars, and 19.2% of the chocolate agars. Compared with T1 samples, the use of povidone-iodine wash translated into a 60.8% reduction (from 73.2% to 12.5%) in colonization of the conjunctiva (p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between the T1 and T2 samples. CONCLUSION: Conjunctival irrigation with a 5% povidone-iodine solution effectively reduces conjunctival flora and is therefore strongly recommended as a means of preventing postsurgical endophthalmitis following cataract surgery.

A prospective study demonstrating the effect of 5 percent povidone-iodine application for anterior segment intraocular surgery in Paraguay / Estudio prospectivo demostrando el efecto de la instilación de yodo povidona al 5 por ciento previo a cirugía de segmento anterior en Paraguay

PURPOSE: To determine the conjunctival bacterial flora in cataract surgery patients and the effect of presurgical irrigation with 5 percent povidone-iodine solution. METHODS: Three samples from the inferior conjunctival fornix of the eye to be operated were obtained at baseline before washing (T0) with 10 ml 5 percent povidone-iodine solution, immediately after washing (T1), and upon completion of surgery (T2). Bacteria from the samples were inoculated in blood agar, chocolate agar, and thioglycolate broth. RESULTS: A total of 221 patients (n=224 eyes) with a mean age of 67 ± 13 years were included in the study. Bacteria from the (T0) samples were successfully grown in 73.2 percent of the thioglycolate agars, 21.0 percent of the blood agars, and 19.2 percent of the chocolate agars. Compared with T1 samples, the use of povidone-iodine wash translated into a 60.8 percent reduction (from 73.2 percent to 12.5 percent) in colonization of the conjunctiva (p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between the T1 and T2 samples. Conclusion: Conjunctival irrigation with a 5 percent povidone-iodine solution effectively reduces conjunctival flora and is therefore strongly recommended as a means of preventing postsurgical endophthalmitis following cataract surgery.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la flora bacteriana de la conjuntiva en los pacientes a ser sometidos a cirugía de catarata y el efecto del lavado prequirúrgico con yodo povidona al 5 por ciento sobre dichos microorganismos. MÉTODOS: Se tomaron 3 muestras del fondo de saco conjuntival del ojo a ser operado de catarata antes (T0) de la irrigación de la conjuntiva con 10 ml de yodo povidona al 5 por ciento, como control, inmediatamente después (T1) y al término de la cirugía (T2). Se realizaron cultivos en agar sangre, agar chocolate y en caldo de tioglicolato. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron en el estudio 221 pacientes (n=24 ojos) con un promedio de edad de 67 ± 13 años. El porcentaje de crecimiento bacteriano en (T0) fue de 73,2 por ciento en tioglicolato, 21 por ciento en agar sangre y 19,2 por ciento en agar chocolate. Al compararlo con (T1) el efecto de la yodo povidona se tradujo en una reducción del 60,8 por ciento (de 73,2 por ciento a 12,5 por ciento) en la colonización conjuntival (p<0.001). Entre las muestras de los tiempos T1 y T2 no hubo diferencia significativa en cuanto al crecimiento bacteriano. CONCLUSIÓN: El lavado conjuntival con yodo povidona al 5 por ciento reduce de forma efectiva la flora conjuntival por lo cual se recomienda fuertemente como método preoperatorio, como una de las medidas preventivas de la endoftalmitis posquirúrgica en cirugías de catarata.

Epidemiological characteristics of microbiological results on patients with infectious corneal ulcers: a 13-year survey in Paraguay.

BACKGROUND: This is a retrospective, chart-reviewed study of patients diagnosed with infectious corneal ulcers at the Ophthalmology Department of the National University of Asunción in Paraguay. The microbiological culture results are described, as well risk factors for the development of fungal keratitis. METHODS: After obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board, an analysis of medical charts from 1988 to 2001 was conducted and 660 patients were identified to have been diagnosed with infectious corneal ulcers due to bacteria or fungi. Demographic data were recorded, including age, gender, occupation and geographic location of their home and work (city or rural). Other information collected included the history of the presenting illness, past and current use of ocular medications and whether or not they had a history of trauma or contact lens use. Each patient had an eye examination performed by an ophthalmologist and corneal scrapings were obtained for cultures in all cases. Microbiologic culture results were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-one percent (136/660) of the specimens collected from the patients' conjunctiva and cornea were sterile in all culture media. Of the 524 (79%) positive cultures, 267 were due to bacteria (51%), 136 to fungi (26%), and 121 (23%) cultures yielded both fungi and bacteria. Of the 430 isolated bacteria approximately 25% (103) were coagulase negative Staphylococcus, followed by 23% (94) Staphylococcus aureus, 14% (60) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 13% (56) Streptococcus pneumoniae. Acremonium species accounted for 40% (79) of all fungi identified, followed by Fusarium species (15%) (41). Approximately two-thirds of the patients were male (n = 435). For those patients for whom a history was available, approximately half had a history of trauma. Of these, half of these again involved foreign bodies. Over-the-counter medications were used commonly, and most of those patients had a delay in diagnosis of over 1 week. Risk factors for fungal keratitis as opposed to bacterial keratitis were male gender, agricultural occupation, age between 30 and 59, history of trauma and self-medication. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide demographic data on patients with infectious corneal ulcers in Paraguay. Common causes of such ulcers are both bacteria and fungi. Most patients had self-medicated, and most had delayed seeking professional medical care.